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<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;"><strong style="font-weight: 600;">Today’s issue:</strong> Turning marital strife into educational content, paying $20k for SQLite, and American open-source AI makes a comeback.</p>
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<h3 style="font-size: 24px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">Turso does it again</h3>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">After successfully rewriting SQLite in Rust, the Turso team is feeling the Tyrone Biggums itch to do it again. But this time, they’re <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/n2hohquvzx906vf6hg/aHR0cHM6Ly90dXJzby50ZWNoL2Jsb2cvYS1uZXctbW9kZXJuLXZlcnNpb24tb2YtcG9zdGdyZXMtaW4tcnVzdA==" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138489">rewriting Postgres</a>. You might be tempted to think that this is another Bun-style <del>slop</del> port, but (fortunately) it’s more interesting than that.</p>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;"><strong style="font-weight: 600;">How we got here:</strong></p>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">Like we mentioned before, Turso spent the better part of the last few years rewriting SQLite in Rust. The original goal of this project was to add features like asynchronous I/O to SQLite (something that their “open fork” <code style="font-size: 15px;">libSQL</code> couldn’t support). But one of the side effects of the rewrite was that it abstracted the database’s backend away from SQLite, opening the door to support whatever dialect of SQL they want. In this case, Postgres.</p>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;"><strong style="font-weight: 600;">Here’s how that works:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong style="font-weight: 600;">Common AST:</strong> Turso parses the query into a common abstract syntax tree (AST).</li>
<li>
<strong style="font-weight: 600;">Bytecode compiler:</strong> The AST is compiled into bytecode that can run on a virtual machine.
<strong style="font-weight: 600;">Extended VDBE:</strong> Turso extended VDBE, SQLite’s database-specific bytecode engine, rather than building a VM from scratch. While it’s not a general-purpose VM like the JVM or WASM, <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/48hvh7um4pd866bxh7/aHR0cHM6Ly90dXJzby50ZWNoL2Jsb2cvYS1uZXctbW9kZXJuLXZlcnNpb24tb2YtcG9zdGdyZXMtaW4tcnVzdCNpdC1yZWFsbHktaXMtYS12aXJ0dWFsLW1hY2hpbmUt" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138490">it passes the most important test (running Doom)</a>.</li>
<li>
<strong style="font-weight: 600;">Storage Engine:</strong> After receiving the bytecode, the storage engine reads and writes data to the filesystem and can be extended to support the various indexing strategies that the different dialects support.</li>
</ul>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;"><strong style="font-weight: 600;">Bottom Line:</strong> While Turso probably won’t fully support things like Postgres extensions, the fact that you can have an embeddable database that can support every dialect of SQL is objectively cool.</p>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">Let’s just be careful not to praise them too much because Pekka and Glauber’s unchecked Rust addiction has already gone too far.</p>
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<h3 style="font-size: 24px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;"><a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/vqh3hmuozv9re0fghl/aHR0cHM6Ly9zZXJwYXBpLmNvbS9zZWFyY2gtZW5naW5lLWFwaXM_dXRtX3NvdXJjZT1ieXRlc2Rldg==" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138495">Scrape every search engine with one API</a></h3>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">SerpApi gives you a single API for Google Search, Maps, AI Overviews, Shopping, and 100+ other search engines. It’s one dead-simple GET request (yes, even your agent can handle it), and you get back structured data instead of a wall of HTML.</p>
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<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;"><strong style="font-weight: 600;">Accurate locations:</strong> Get Google results from anywhere in the world with the <code style="font-size: 15px;">location</code> parameter.</p>
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<li>
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<pre class="language-js" style="-moz-hyphens: none; -moz-tab-size: 2; -ms-hyphens: none; -o-tab-size: 2; -webkit-hyphens: none; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #f9f9f9; border-radius: 8px; color: #c0c5ce; direction: ltr; font-family: 'Fira Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 15px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow: auto; padding: 24px; tab-size: 2; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="language-js" style="-moz-hyphens: none; -moz-tab-size: 2; -ms-hyphens: none; -o-tab-size: 2; -webkit-hyphens: none; color: #c0c5ce; direction: ltr; font-family: 'Fira Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 15px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; tab-size: 2; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">class</span> <span class="token class-name" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">Stack</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">constructor</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items <span class="token operator" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">push</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">element</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">push</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span>element<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">pop</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">if</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">isEmpty</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">throw</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">new</span> <span class="token class-name" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">Error</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token string" style="color: #f99157; font-size: 15px;">"Stack is empty"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">pop</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">peek</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">if</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">isEmpty</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">throw</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">new</span> <span class="token class-name" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">Error</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token string" style="color: #f99157; font-size: 15px;">"Stack is empty"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">[</span><span class="token number" style="color: #fcba28; font-size: 15px;">0</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">isEmpty</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>length <span class="token operator" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">===</span> <span class="token number" style="color: #fcba28; font-size: 15px;">0</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">size</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">clear</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items <span class="token operator" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
</code></pre>
<hr style="border: 0; border-bottom: 5px solid; border-color: #f5f5f5; margin-bottom: 100px; margin-top: 100px;">
<div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:36px">
<img width="110" src="https://bytes.dev/images/content/cool-bits.png" alt="Cool Bits logo" style="max-width: 100%;"><h2 style="font-family: Paytone One, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; margin-top: 10px; text-transform: uppercase;">Cool Bits</h2>
</div>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Kirupa <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/m2h7h6u3dq6zmpcmhq/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua2lydXBhLmNoYXQvcC9sb29wLWVuZ2luZWVyaW5nLWV4cGxhaW5lZC13aXRoLWRpcnR5" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138497">explains loop engineering with a dirty dishes analogy</a>. There’s a non-zero chance this post was motivated by his wife yelling at him for not loading the dishwasher.</p>
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<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">David Mosher wrote about the benefits of having <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/dphehmuelo9n89imh4/aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmRhdmVtby5jb20v" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138498">a deterministic core paired with an “agentic shell”</a>. If you love state machines, this one’s for you.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Sentry is hosting a free workshop on <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/e0hph0u78l3oq8f8h2/aHR0cHM6Ly9zZW50cnkuaW8vcmVzb3VyY2VzL2xvZ3Mtd29ya3Nob3AvP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9Ynl0ZXMmdXRtX21lZGl1bT1wYWlkLWNvbW11bml0eSZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249bG9ncy1meTI3cTItbG9nc3dvcmtzaG9wJnV0bV9jb250ZW50PW5ld3NsZXR0ZXItcHJpbWFyeS1yZWdpc3Rlcg==" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138499">Writing Useful Logs for Production</a> on July 29th. It’s a hands-on event that’ll go deep on how to set up a practical logging strategy that costs less and tells you more. [sponsored]</p>
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<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Sunil wrote a post titled <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/7qh7h2u9r625wnizh6/aHR0cHM6Ly9zdW5pbHBhaS5kZXYvcG9zdHMvb25lLWRvY3VtZW50LXR3by1oYW5kcy8=" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138500">one document, two hands</a>. Fortunately it’s about coding agents and not a reference to *** ***** *** ***.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">OXC <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/z2hgh7ueqk2xpzsph0/aHR0cHM6Ly9veGMucnMvYmxvZy8yMDI2LTA3LTIyLXR5cGUtYXdhcmUtbGludGluZy1zdGFibGU=" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138502">updated their linter to be type-aware</a>, which enables rules that rely on TypeScript’s type system, such as detecting unhandled promises or unsafe assignments.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Google released three new models — <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/p8hehqu4n2wogvfqh3/aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmdvb2dsZS9pbm5vdmF0aW9uLWFuZC1haS9tb2RlbHMtYW5kLXJlc2VhcmNoL2dlbWluaS1tb2RlbHMvZ2VtaW5pLTMtNi1mbGFzaC0zLTUtZmxhc2gtbGl0ZS0zLTUtZmxhc2gtY3liZXIv" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138503">Gemini 3.6 Flash, 3.5 Flash-Lite, and 3.5 Flash Cyber</a>. Imagine telling someone you used a model called “3.5 Flash Cyber” <span role="img" aria-label="skull">💀</span>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Rami Maalouf from Expo wrote about <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/x0hph3ue5pv038b5hl/aHR0cHM6Ly90cnkuZXhwby5kZXYvYnVpbGQtbW9iaWxlLWFwcHMtd2l0aC1haQ==" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138504">the only three tools you need to build mobile apps with AI</a>. [sponsored]</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Poolside released <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/6qhehoulm58eokuohk/aHR0cHM6Ly9wb29sc2lkZS5haS9ibG9nL2ludHJvZHVjaW5nLWxhZ3VuYS1zLTItMQ==" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138505">Laguna 2.1, an open-weight model</a> that is actually good? Is American open source back?</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Wilson Lin from Cursor wrote about <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/e0hph0u78l3o4ls8h2/aHR0cHM6Ly9jdXJzb3IuY29tL2Jsb2cvYWdlbnQtc3dhcm0tbW9kZWwtZWNvbm9taWNz" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138506">the economics of agent swarms</a>. Sure building SQLite costs up to $20k, but how much for <code style="font-size: 15px;">ls -a</code> (asking for a friend)?</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Convex asked several frontier coding models to one-shot the same app on Postgres, then again on Convex. <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/7qh7h2u9r625z8hzh6/aHR0cHM6Ly9jb252ZXgubGluay85ZFhrdmtp" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138507">Here are the (surprising) results</a>. [sponsored]</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">Cheng Lou created another project called <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/z2hgh7ueqk2xw8tph0/aHR0cHM6Ly9naXRodWIuY29tL2NoZW5nbG91L2ZyZWVyYW5nZQ==" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138509"><code style="font-size: 15px;">freerange</code></a> that allows AI agents to “guarantee UI layouts without ever touching the browser”.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5;">OpenAI had <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/p8hehqu4n2wox7hqh3/aHR0cHM6Ly9vcGVuYWkuY29tL2luZGV4L2h1Z2dpbmctZmFjZS1tb2RlbC1ldmFsdWF0aW9uLXNlY3VyaXR5LWluY2lkZW50Lw==" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138510">a runaway model that hacked Hugging Face</a> in order to cheat on its evals. This kid is going places.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr style="border: 0; border-bottom: 5px solid; border-color: #f5f5f5; margin-bottom: 100px; margin-top: 100px;">
<div style="text-align:center;margin-bottom:36px">
<img width="110" src="https://bytes.dev/images/content/spot-the-bug.png" alt="Spot the Bug logo" style="max-width: 100%;"><h2 style="font-family: Paytone One, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; margin-top: 10px; text-transform: uppercase;">Spot the Bug: Solution</h2>
<div class="section-presenter" style="margin-bottom:50px;margin-top:15px"><h4 style="font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">Sponsored by <a href="https://c5e21242.click.convertkit-mail.com/68uxdxk733b8h596k3gtohpzxzlnzb9hlqvo/l2heh6ul8nm767u6h0/aHR0cHM6Ly9zcnYuYnV5c2VsbGFkcy5jb20vYWRzL2xvbmcveC9UNk1MV1VTUFRUVFRUVENSUU1aQ1dUVFRUVFQzNlBCVzJWVFRUVFRUT0RBTU9CRVRUVFRUVEpCNFBKSVdFSUlGNTc0SUNCUExLTUlONUpCUDIzN0Q1Skk2MlJXVD9jaWQ9Mzg3NzIx" style="color: #12b5e5; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline;" url-id="1872138496">Unblocked</a>
</h4></div>
</div>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">Stacks are LIFO (last in, first out), but <code style="font-size: 15px;">peek</code> returns the first item in the array instead of the last item added.</p>
<p style="font-family: Outfit, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.5; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 24px;">Return the final array element instead:</p>
<pre class="language-js" style="-moz-hyphens: none; -moz-tab-size: 2; -ms-hyphens: none; -o-tab-size: 2; -webkit-hyphens: none; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #f9f9f9; border-radius: 8px; color: #c0c5ce; direction: ltr; font-family: 'Fira Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 15px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow: auto; padding: 24px; tab-size: 2; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="language-js" style="-moz-hyphens: none; -moz-tab-size: 2; -ms-hyphens: none; -o-tab-size: 2; -webkit-hyphens: none; color: #c0c5ce; direction: ltr; font-family: 'Fira Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 15px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; tab-size: 2; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">class</span> <span class="token class-name" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">Stack</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">constructor</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items <span class="token operator" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">push</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token parameter" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">element</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">push</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span>element<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">pop</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">if</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">isEmpty</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">throw</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">new</span> <span class="token class-name" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">Error</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token string" style="color: #f99157; font-size: 15px;">"Stack is empty"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">pop</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">peek</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">if</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span><span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">isEmpty</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">throw</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">new</span> <span class="token class-name" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">Error</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token string" style="color: #f99157; font-size: 15px;">"Stack is empty"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">[</span><span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>length <span class="token operator" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">-</span> <span class="token number" style="color: #fcba28; font-size: 15px;">1</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">isEmpty</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>length <span class="token operator" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">===</span> <span class="token number" style="color: #fcba28; font-size: 15px;">0</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">size</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">return</span> <span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>length<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token function" style="color: #9d7dce; font-size: 15px;">clear</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">)</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">{</span>
<span class="token keyword" style="color: #f38ba3; font-size: 15px;">this</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">.</span>items <span class="token operator" style="color: #12b5e5; font-size: 15px;">=</span> <span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">[</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation" style="color: #231F20; font-size: 15px;">}</span>
</code></pre>
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